Jean Piaget
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With reference to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, consider the following statements:
- 1. During the 'Concrete Operational Stage', children develop logical abilities such as conservation, classification, and reversibility, but their thinking remains limited only to objects and situations that are directly present before them.
- 2. In the 'Pre-operational Stage', the ability of 'conservation' is fully developed in children, due to which they understand the original magnitude of an object to be constant even when its shape or volume changes.
- 3. In the 'Formal Operational Stage', adolescent thinking becomes abstract and hypothetico-deductive, enabling them to solve scientific problems and analyze potential outcomes.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
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Detailed Explanation
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, statements 1 and 3 are completely correct. In the 'Concrete Operational Stage' (approximately 7 to 11 years), children learn conservation, classification, and reversibility, but their reasoning is limited only to concrete objects. In the 'Formal Operational Stage' (11 years onwards), abstract thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning develop. Statement 2 is incorrect because the understanding of 'conservation' is not present in children during the pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years); rather, they suffer from 'centration' and irreversibility, and the ability of conservation emerges only in the concrete stage.
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2. The thinking of children in this age group exhibits a tendency towards 'egocentrism', whereby they assume that other people view the world from the exact same perspective as they do themselves.
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