Sigmund Freud
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In the context of Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory, if parents enforce excessively strict, punitive, or overly permissive toilet training during the 'Anal Stage', which of the following specific personality traits or disorders are most likely to develop in the individual during adulthood?
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Detailed Explanation
Understanding Freud's Anal Stage
According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the Anal Stage (approximately 18 months to 3 years of age) focuses on bowel and bladder control, where the child derives pleasure from retention and expulsion.
- Anal-Retentive Character: Caused by overly strict or harsh toilet training, leading to traits like extreme cleanliness, stubbornness, and orderliness.
- Anal-Expulsive Character: Caused by overly lenient or permissive toilet training, resulting in traits such as disorganization, carelessness, and extravagance.
Therefore, excessive laxity or permissiveness leads to the anal-expulsive personality traits described in option A.
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