Personality: Theories & Types
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In the context of Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and psychosexual stages of development, when a child is passing through the 'Anal Stage', what are the long-term psychological effects of overly strict or overly lenient 'toilet training' methods on adult personality, and which specific personality traits may develop as a result?
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Detailed Explanation
Explanation of Freud's Anal Stage
According to Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory, the Anal Stage occurs roughly from 1.5 to 3 years of age, where the primary source of pleasure is focused on the anal region. During this period, toilet training provided by parents plays a decisive role in psychological development.
- Anal-Retentive Personality: If the training is excessively strict or rigid, the child may develop an anal-retentive personality, characterized by stinginess, extreme stubbornness, cleanliness, and hypersensitivity to order.
- Anal-Expulsive Personality: Conversely, overly lenient training results in an anal-expulsive personality, marked by carelessness, disorganization, and a rebellious nature.
Therefore, Option A is the correct statement regarding the long-term psychological effects of toilet training.
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