Sigmund Freud
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With reference to Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory, when minutely analyzing the various stages from the 'Oral Stage' to the 'Genital Stage', which of the following statements is most authentic regarding the concept of 'Fixation' and its long-term psychological effects on adult personality?
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Detailed Explanation
Detailed Explanation of Freud's Psychosexual Stages and Fixation
According to Sigmund Freud, the focal point of psychosexual energy (libido) shifts across different developmental stages. If an individual experiences excessive gratification or frustration during any particular stage, a portion of their psychological energy remains stuck, a phenomenon known as Fixation.
- Oral Stage (0-1 year): Fixation here leads to oral-dependent or oral-aggressive traits in adulthood, such as smoking, nail-biting, overeating, or sarcasm.
- Anal Stage (1-3 years): Fixation can lead to either anal-retentive (neat, obsessive) or anal-expulsive (messy, disorganized) personalities, contradicting option b's absolute claim.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Resolution of the Oedipus and Electra complexes occurs through identification with the same-sex parent, not through opposition.
- Latency Stage (6- puberty): Libido is dormant, and sexual energy is channeled into social, academic, and physical pursuits.
Therefore, Option A is the scientifically accurate statement regarding fixation in the oral stage.
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