Who gave the 'Hierarchical Theory' of intelligence?
Detailed Explanation
📌 Core Theoretical Concept:
The 'Hierarchical Theory' of intelligence was proposed by the prominent psychologist Philip Vernon. Vernon successfully bridged the gap between Charles Spearman's Two-Factor Theory and L.L. Thurstone's Theory of Primary Mental Abilities. According to Vernon, intelligence is not a monolithic construct but is organized in a hierarchical structure. At the apex is the general intelligence factor ('g'), which branches down into major group factors such as verbal-educational and practical-mechanical abilities. These further divide into minor group factors and finally into specific factors ('s'). This comprehensive model helps educators understand the structured and multifaceted nature of human cognitive abilities across different domains of learning.
📊 Key Exam Points:
- Philip Vernon: Developed the Hierarchical Model of Intelligence, synthesizing Spearman's 'g' factor and Thurstone's group factors.
- Howard Gardner (Option b): Formulated the 'Theory of Multiple Intelligences', suggesting independent modalities of intelligence.
- Charles Spearman (Option c): Proposed the 'Two-Factor Theory' comprising General ('g') and Specific ('s') factors.
- Lewis Terman (Option d): Revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and popularized the modern concept and calculation of IQ.
📖 Theoretical Reference: Theories of intelligence form the cornerstone of educational psychology, explaining individual cognitive variations in students. Explore more under Intelligence Theories in Child Development.