Intelligence: Concept & Theories
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With reference to the 'Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence', which of the following statements is most appropriate and true regarding the scientific nature of the 'General Intelligence or g-factor' and 'Specific Intelligence or s-factor' propounded by psychologist Charles Spearman, the accumulation of mental energy, and their comparative interrelationships with the theories of 'Fluid Intelligence (Gf)' and 'Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)' propounded by Raymond Cattell?
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Detailed Explanation
Charles Spearman (1904) propounded the 'Two-Factor Theory' of intelligence, according to which every mental task involves two types of factors: (1) General factor or 'g-factor', which is innate, universal mental energy used in varying degrees across all intellectual tasks; and (2) Specific factor or 's-factor', related to specific abilities (like music, painting, mathematics) acquired by an individual through environment and training. Complementing this, Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into two parts—'Fluid Intelligence' (Gf), genetically and biologically determined, used for solving novel problems without prior experience, and 'Crystallized Intelligence' (Gc), based on learning, education, and cultural experiences, increasing with age. Thus, option (A) accurately depicts this scientific and theoretical perspective.
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