Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
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Under Edward Tolman's Sign-Gestalt Learning Theory (Purposive Behaviorism), the concept of the 'Cognitive Map'—whereby a learner creates a mental internal blueprint of spatial and logical relationships among various cues, paths, and goals within their learning environment, allowing them to navigate purposefully rather than relying solely on mechanical habits or responses—relates to classroom teaching and students' spatial understanding, intrinsic motivation, and goal-directed problem solving. Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid?
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Detailed Explanation
Explanation
Edward Tolman's Sign-Gestalt Learning Theory (or Purposive Behaviorism) posits that organisms (humans and animals) do not merely exhibit mechanical S-R (Stimulus-Response) behaviors, but rather construct 'Cognitive Maps' of their environment.
Key points of this theory include:
- Mental Representation: Learners develop an internal spatial and logical layout of their environment.
- Latent Learning: Learning can occur implicitly without immediate reinforcement or reward, becoming apparent only when motivation arises.
- Goal-Directed Behavior: Behavior is purposive and guided by cognitive structures rather than rote conditioning.
Therefore, option (b) is the most accurate and scientifically valid statement regarding this psychological concept.
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