Moral & Character Development
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Under Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is the most accurate and central psychological characteristic of the second stage of the 'Pre-Conventional Level', known as 'Instrumental Relativist Orientation' (Tit-for-Tat)?
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Detailed Explanation
Understanding Kohlberg's Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, the second stage of the pre-conventional level is known as Individualism and Exchange (Instrumental Relativist Orientation or Tit-for-Tat).
- Core Concept: Right behavior is defined by what best serves the individual's self-interest, often involving an equal exchange or reciprocity (quid pro quo).
- Key Characteristic: Children at this stage recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by authorities. They understand reciprocity as a pragmatic trade-off ('if you help me, I will help you').
Therefore, option B perfectly captures the essence of this psychological development stage.
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