Intelligence: Concept & Theories
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With respect to the theories of intelligence, when conducting a micro-analysis of the philosophical, structural, and psychological foundations of Howard Gardner's 'Theory of Multiple Intelligences' and Spearman's 'Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence', which of the following statements is most authentic regarding the fundamental differences between them?
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Detailed Explanation
Detailed Analysis of Intelligence Theories
To understand the core differences between Charles Spearman's and Howard Gardner's models of intelligence, we must examine their underlying assumptions about cognitive structure:
- Spearman's Two-Factor Theory: Proposes that intelligence consists of a general factor (g-factor) that underlies all cognitive tasks, supplemented by specific factors (s-factors) unique to particular tasks. It represents a hierarchical, centralized view of intelligence.
- Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Rejects the monolithic view of a single general intelligence, arguing instead for multiple, relatively autonomous cognitive modalities (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic).
Therefore, option (a) accurately captures the fundamental structural dichotomy between Spearman's unified general capacity model and Gardner's independent, multi-dimensional framework.
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