Cognitive Development
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Under Edward C. Tolman's 'Sign Learning Theory' (Purposive Behaviorism), a highly important and central concept is the 'Cognitive Map'. It is defined as the mental representation that an organism constructs in its brain during learning regarding the spatial and conceptual relationships of its environment, physical surroundings, pathways, and goals, without any immediate reinforcement. Regarding its actual psychological implications and the scientific facilitation of students' spatial cognition, problem-solving, and mental planning in classroom instruction, which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid?
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Detailed Explanation
Detailed Explanation
From the psychological and pedagogical perspective of teacher eligibility tests, Edward C. Tolman's concept of the 'Cognitive Map' is extremely significant.
- According to Tolman, learning is not merely a mechanical bond of stimulus-response (S-R), but rather an organism creates an internal mental map or 'cognitive map' of its environment.
- Based on this, students can demonstrate 'Latent Learning' even without any immediate reward or reinforcement.
- When needed, they can find solutions to complex problems by relying on their mental planning.
Therefore, Option (c) is the most authentic and scientifically valid statement.
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