Maslow, Rogers & Humanism
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Under Abraham Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs' theory, when an individual transcends the deficiency needs (D-needs) and achieves the pinnacle of being needs (B-needs) known as 'self-actualization', which of the following statements provides the most appropriate and scientific analysis regarding the ontological and psychological characteristics of this stage?
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Detailed Explanation
Understanding Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
According to Abraham Maslow, human motivation and personality development are based on a hierarchy of needs. The lower-level needs, such as physiological and safety needs, are termed Deficiency Needs (D-Needs) because they arise due to a deprivation of physical or psychological requirements.
In contrast, Self-actualization sits at the apex of the hierarchy and belongs to Growth Needs (B-Needs). These do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow, develop, and reach one's full human potential.
- D-Needs (Deficiency Needs): Motivated by a sense of missing elements (e.g., hunger, shelter, safety).
- B-Needs (Being Needs): Motivated by personal growth, creativity, and self-fulfillment.
Therefore, option B is the correct and most scientifically accurate statement reflecting Maslow's theory.
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