Moral & Character Development
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With reference to the 'Process of Socialization' and 'Child Development', which of the following statements is most appropriate and true regarding the scientific nature of the six stages under Lawrence Kohlberg's 'Theory of Moral Development'—Pre-conventional Level, Conventional Level, and Post-conventional Level—and the critique of Kohlberg's theory by Carol Gilligan, which is based on the 'Ethics of Care' and gender-based moral perspective?
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Detailed Explanation
Lawrence Kohlberg propounded the cognitive-developmental theory of moral development, in which he proposed three levels and six stages. According to him, at the highest level (post-conventional level), an individual acts on the basis of social contract and Universal Ethical Principles. On the other hand, his student and psychologist Carol Gilligan, in her book 'In a Different Voice', criticized Kohlberg's theory, arguing that Kohlberg's study was primarily based on males, giving priority to a justice-oriented perspective, whereas moral decisions in females develop more in the context of 'care, empathy, and interpersonal relationships' (Ethics of Care).
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