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In the context of 'Biodiversity and its Conservation' under 'Environmental Studies' (EVS), what are the two main and mandatory criteria established by the scientist Norman Myers, who propounded the concept of 'Hotspots', to declare a region as a 'Biodiversity Hotspot'?
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Detailed Explanation
British ecologist Norman Myers propounded the concept of 'Biodiversity Hotspots' in 1988. To officially declare any geographical region as a biodiversity hotspot, two strict criteria are established by Conservation International:
- Endemic Plant Species: The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (i.e., species found nowhere else on Earth).
- Habitat Loss: The region must have lost at least 70% or more of its original natural primary vegetation (meaning it is critically threatened).
Currently, 36 biodiversity hotspots have been identified worldwide, which include four regions in India: the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region, the Himalayas, and Sundaland. Therefore, option (a) is completely true and accurate in this context.
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With reference to environment and ecology, consider the following statements:
1. The concept of Biodiversity Hotspots was first proposed by Norman Myers, under which for an area to be declared a hotspot, it must contain at least 1,500 endemic plant species and have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation.
2. Under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation of wetlands, India's first Ramsar site was Chilika Lake (Odisha), included in the list in 1981, and currently, Tamil Nadu is the state with the highest number of Ramsar sites in India.
3. The transitional communities preceding the establishment of the 'Climax Community' during Ecological Succession are called 'Sere', and in Hydrarch succession, the phytoplankton stage is followed by the submerged plant stage.
4. The concept of Carbon Credit originated under the Kyoto Protocol, which certifies a reduction of 1 tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a major part of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).
Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely correct?
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Consider the following statements regarding the energy flow, nutrient cycling, and ecological pyramids of an ecosystem: 1. Lindeman's '10% Law' states that when energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, only 10 percent of the total energy reaches the next trophic level, while the remaining 90 percent is lost as respiration, metabolism, and heat. 2. In an aquatic ecosystem, the pyramid of biomass is always inverted because the total weight of primary producers (phytoplankton) is much less than that of higher-level consumers (such as zooplankton and fish). 3. The pyramid of energy in any ecosystem is always upright because, according to the second law of thermodynamics, energy decreases at each higher trophic level during successive energy flow. 4. The concept of biodiversity 'hotspots' was introduced by Norman Myers, under which declaring an area as a hotspot requires at least 1,500 endemic plant species and the loss of at least 70% of its original habitat. Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely true?
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While implementing an integrated education system for 'Children with Special Needs' under Inclusive Education, a detailed analysis of the concepts of 'Normalization' and 'Diffused Integration' reveals which of the following statements most accurately defines their philosophical and practical nature?
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With reference to environment and ecology, consider the following statements regarding the concept of 'Biodiversity Hotspots' and the various dimensions of ecological pyramids: 1. British environmentalist Norman Myers propounded the concept of 'Biodiversity Hotspots' in 1988, under which declaring an area as a hotspot requires a minimum of 1,500 endemic plant species and the loss of at least 70% of the region's original primary vegetation. 2. Out of a total of 36 globally recognized biodiversity hotspots, four are located fully or partially in India, which are the Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma region, and Sundaland. 3. In an aquatic ecosystem, the pyramid of biomass is always inverted because the total biomass of phytoplankton is considerably less than that of small fishes and aquatic organisms. 4. The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem is always upright, representing the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy is lost at each trophic level. Which of the above statement(s) is/are fully correct?
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