Piaget Vygotsky Theories of learning NEP 2020 Inclusive education CCE

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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the actual psychological implications of Edward Thorndike's 'Law of Readiness' (under the Trial and Error Theory of…

Thorndike: Trial and Error Thorndike Motivation

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Under Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, one of the three major components of personality structure—the 'Ego'—operates on the Reality Principle and acts as a mediator between the animalistic impulses of the…

Sigmund Freud Freud Personality

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Under Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, the Formal Operational Stage features 'Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning', where adolescents or learners mentally construct all possible hypotheses to solve a problem and then systematically…

Jean Piaget Piaget

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Under Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory (or Social Cognitive Theory), the concept of 'Reciprocal Determinism' posits that personal factors (cognitive, biological, and emotional), behavior, and environmental influences continuously interact and…

Albert Bandura Bandura

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According to Lev Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory of Development, the concept of 'Scaffolding' refers to the temporary, structured, and interactive support provided by a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) to help the…

Lev Vygotsky Vygotsky

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Under Abraham Maslow's 'Humanistic Theory of Motivation' or 'Hierarchy of Needs', the highest-level need is 'Self-Actualization', wherein an individual is motivated to achieve their highest human potential through the full…

Maslow, Rogers & Humanism Maslow Motivation

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Under Jerome Bruner's Discovery Learning Theory and the stages of cognitive development, the 'Symbolic Stage'—where a child or learner represents and processes objects or experiences through mental symbols, language, signs,…

Jerome Bruner Bruner

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Under John Dewey's perspective of 'Progressive Education and Experiential Learning', the five-stage process of 'Reflective Thinking / Inquiry Method' involves a crucial stage where the learner generates various possible hypotheses…

Cognitive Development Measurement and Evaluation

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Under David Kolb's 'Experiential Learning Cycle', the stage of 'Abstract Conceptualization'—where the learner analyzes observations and reflections made during concrete experiences to construct logical principles, generalizations, and intellectual models—relates to…

Constructivism & Other Learning Theories

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Under the 'Direct Methods of Adjustment' analyzed by Norman Munn and other psychologists, the process of 'Goal Analysis and Alternative Exploration'—whereby an individual, facing frustration caused by internal or external…

Adjustment & Defence Mechanisms Measurement and Evaluation

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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the real psychological implications of the 'Ego', one of the three major structural components of personality proposed…

Sigmund Freud Freud Personality

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Under Carl Rogers' Humanistic Theory of Teaching, experiential or student-centered learning emphasizes 'empathic understanding,' where the teacher attempts to view the learner's internal world and perspective from their own viewpoint…

Maslow, Rogers & Humanism Heredity and Environment

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According to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, 'Centration' is a major limitation of the Preoperational Stage (approx. 2 to 7 years), where a child focuses on only one dimension…

Jean Piaget Piaget

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According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the 'Mesosystem' concept involves the interrelations and interactions between a developing child's various microsystems (such as family, school, peer group, and neighborhood). Regarding…

Other Theorists (Gesell, Bronfenbrenner, Bowlby…)

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Under Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory, the 'Motor Reproduction' phase of Observational Learning involves converting coded information into physical and mental actions after observing and retaining a model's behavior. Regarding…

Albert Bandura Bandura Motivation

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Under Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Theory, the concept of 'Extinction' dictates that when a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus (US), the Conditioned Response (CR) gradually…

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Pavlov

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According to Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 'Intrapersonal Intelligence' involves a deep understanding of one's own inner feelings, motivations, strengths, weaknesses, desires, and mental states, along with the ability…

Gardner: Multiple Intelligences Gardner

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Under Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, within the Conventional Morality Level, the 'Law and Order Orientation' (Stage 4)—where an individual believes that maintaining social order, rules, and laws is…

Moral & Character Development Kohlberg

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Under Jerome Bruner's Cognitive Development and Discovery Learning Theory, the concept of the 'Symbolic Stage' (approx. 7 years onwards)—where learners move beyond concrete objects or images to process, store, and…