Piaget Vygotsky Theories of learning NEP 2020 Inclusive education CCE

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Child Development & Pedagogy (CDP) — Questions, Explanations & Mock Tests

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Under John Dewey's philosophy of Progressive Education and Experiential Learning, the concept of 'Reflective Thinking'—whereby learners actively engage in a doubtful, complex, or problematic situation and continuously evaluate and reconstruct…

Child-centred & Active Learning Measurement and Evaluation

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Under John Dewey's philosophy of Progressive Education and Experiential Learning, the concept of 'Reflective Thinking'—where learners actively engage with doubtful, complex, or problematic situations to logically evaluate prior experiences, formulate…

Cognitive Development Measurement and Evaluation

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In David Kolb's 'Experiential Learning Cycle', following 'Concrete Experience' and 'Reflective Observation', the stage of 'Abstract Conceptualization' involves learners synthesizing accumulated experiences and reflective insights into logical rules, principles, and…

Constructivism & Other Learning Theories

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Under Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, the concept of 'Decentration'—whereby a child moves beyond the egocentrism of the pre-operational stage and acquires the cognitive ability to focus simultaneously on…

Jean Piaget Piaget

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According to the concept of 'Psychological Safety and Unhindered Emotional Expression' within an 'Empathetic and Learner-Centered Classroom Environment'—developed by Gerhard Reinhard and other educational theorists, and based on the humanistic…

Maslow, Rogers & Humanism Heredity and Environment

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Under Carl Rogers' Humanistic Approach and Person-Centred Therapy, the concept of 'Experiential Learning' prioritizes real-life experiences, personal curiosity, emotional involvement, and self-directed activities, with the teacher acting as a 'facilitator'.…

Maslow, Rogers & Humanism Heredity and Environment

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Under Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the concept of the 'Mesosystem' encompasses the interconnections and interactions among a developing person's various microsystems, such as family, school, peers, and neighborhood (e.g.,…

Other Theorists (Gesell, Bronfenbrenner, Bowlby…)

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Under Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, the concept of 'Intrapersonal Intelligence' involves a high capacity to deeply understand and accurately assess one's own feelings, motivations, inner desires, limitations, strengths,…

Gardner: Multiple Intelligences Gardner Measurement and Evaluation

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According to Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 'Interpersonal Intelligence' involves the high capacity to accurately understand others' feelings, emotions, motivations, temperaments, intentions, and subtle behavioral cues, communicate effectively, and…

Gardner: Multiple Intelligences Gardner

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Under Edward Thorndike's Connectionism or Trial and Error Theory, the 'Law of Readiness' posits a direct relationship between a learner's neural pathway preparation and internal mental readiness with satisfaction or…

Thorndike: Trial and Error Thorndike

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Under John Bowlby's Attachment Theory, the concept of 'Secure Attachment'—whereby an infant uses the primary caregiver as a secure base, experiences mild distress in their absence, but greets their return…

Emotional Development

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Under John Flavell's theory of metacognition, the concepts of 'metacognitive knowledge' and 'metacognitive regulation'—whereby learners possess knowledge about their own cognitive processes (such as thinking, understanding, remembering) and learn to…

Learning Styles & Strategies Measurement and Evaluation

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According to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, the concept of 'Conservation'—whereby a child becomes mentally capable of understanding that changing the physical appearance, shape, or configuration of an object…

Jean Piaget Piaget

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Under David Ausubel's 'Meaningful Verbal Learning Theory' or 'Receptive Learning', the concept of the 'Advance Organizer'—where a high-level, inclusive, and abstract conceptual framework or introduction is presented before teaching a…

Jean Piaget Inclusive Education

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Under David Ausubel's theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning (Assimilation Theory), the concept of the 'Advance Organizer'—wherein a high-level, inclusive, and generalized conceptual framework or introduction is presented prior to the…

Memory & Forgetting Inclusive Education Memory and Forgetting

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Under Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, the concept of 'Projection' is a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously attributes their own unacceptable desires, impulses, or frustrations onto others or the external…

Adjustment & Defence Mechanisms Freud

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Under Edward C. Tolman's 'Sign-Gestalt Learning Theory' or 'Purposive Behaviorism', the concept of 'Latent Learning' suggests that an organism or student internally acquires spatial layouts, routes, and stimulus relationships within…

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

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Under the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities, which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the concept of 'Fluid Intelligence' (Gf)—which includes an individual's…

Intelligence: Concept & Theories

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According to Robert Gagne's 'Hierarchy of Learning' (Conditions of Learning), the highest level proposed is 'Problem Solving Learning', wherein the learner utilizes previously learned rules, principles, and skills to invent…

Cognitive Development

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According to B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, the concept of 'Negative Reinforcement' involves increasing the frequency or probability of a specific desired behavior by removing or preventing an aversive, painful,…

Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Skinner Heredity and Environment

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