त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the study of second language acquisition and sociolinguistics, spoken language serves distinct communicative functions that dictate pedagogical approaches to listening and speaking. Consider the following theoretical propositions regarding the micro-functions of spoken discourse and the receptive functions of listening:I. The interactional function of language is primarily message-oriented and goal-directed, focusing heavily on the efficient transmission of propositional information and transactional outcomes rather than interpersonal rapport.II. Talk as transaction refers to situations where the focus is what is said or done, making the message and the attainment of a specific objective the central communicative priority, such as placing an order or negotiating a contract.III. Intensive listening requires the learner to process spoken discourse globally to grasp the overarching macro-structure, general theme, and speaker intent without necessarily decoding every individual phoneme, morpheme, or lexical item.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the validity of propositions I, II, and III.
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Detailed Explanation
To understand the pedagogical role of speaking and listening, applied linguists distinguish between different spoken discourse functions. Proposition I is incorrect because the description provided ('message-oriented and goal-directed, focusing heavily on transmission of propositional information') actually defines the transactional function of language, whereas the interactional function primarily focuses on social relationships and establishing rapport. Proposition II is correct, as 'talk as transaction' centers precisely on the exchange of goods, services, or specific information where getting the message across accurately is paramount. Proposition III is incorrect because processing spoken discourse globally for macro-structure and general themes defines extensive (or global) listening, whereas intensive listening requires learners to focus on specific details, phonological nuances, and exact linguistic forms. For a comprehensive overview of how spoken language is categorized in linguistics, refer to the Wikipedia Reference on speaking.
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