त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical paradigms of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's nativist theory and Stephen Krashen's monitor model offer distinct explanations for how human beings process, internalize, and master languages. Consider the following theoretical propositions concerning acquisition, learning, and innate cognitive structures: I. Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG) posit that children are biologically pre-programmed with innate, species-specific linguistic principles that enable them to effortlessly extract underlying syntactic structures from impoverished primary linguistic input. II. Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis makes a strict theoretical dichotomy, asserting that subconscious language acquisition (relying on implicit intuitive processing) and conscious language learning (explicit knowledge of grammatical rules) are mutually convertible; thus, learned rules can seamlessly transform into acquired competence over time through intense metacognitive drilling. III. Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis suggests that conscious learning functions exclusively as an editor or 'monitor' that alters or polishes surface-level output only when the speaker has sufficient time, focuses on form, and explicitly knows the relevant grammatical rule. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the validity of propositions I, II, and III.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is valid because Noam Chomsky's nativist theory argues that humans possess an innate Language Acquisition Device containing Universal Grammar, allowing children to master complex native syntax despite degenerate input. Proposition II is invalid because Krashen's Monitor Model strictly maintains that acquired knowledge and learned knowledge are distinct systems that never interface; conscious learning can *never* become subconscious acquisition. Proposition III is valid because the Monitor Hypothesis posits that explicit grammar learning acts solely as a post-hoc editor or monitor to tweak output when optimal conditions (time, focus on form, and rule knowledge) are met.
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