त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical framework of psycholinguistics and Second Language Acquisition (SLA), language serves multiple macro and micro functions. When analyzing the role of listening and speaking, Roman Jakobson's model of language functions highlights the phatic and metalinguistic dimensions. Consider the following complex propositions regarding the functions of language in oral communication:I. The phatic function of language focuses primarily on the message content for its own sake, prioritizing the transmission of complex empirical data and objective referential truth over social bonding.II. The conative function is oriented directly toward the addressee, aiming to influence their behavior, evoke a specific reaction, or elicit compliance through imperatives and vocatives.III. The metalinguistic function involves using the language system to discuss, clarify, or critique the code itself—such as when a speaker asks, 'What do you mean by that term?' or explains a grammatical rule.IV. In spontaneous oral interaction and listening comprehension, expressive (emotive) language functions are entirely absent because speakers always monitor their speech to conform to formal written standards.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the pedagogical and linguistic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
In linguistics, Roman Jakobson's model categorizes the functions of language based on communicative orientation. Proposition I is incorrect because the phatic function (derived from Malinowski) is designed not to convey dense informational content, but to establish, prolong, or discontinue communication and maintain social relationships (e.g., small talk). Proposition II is correct; the conative function engages the addressee directly (using vocatives and imperatives) to persuade or command. Proposition III is correct; the metalinguistic function focuses on the linguistic code itself, allowing speakers to talk about language (e.g., defining words or clarifying meanings). Proposition IV is incorrect because expressive or emotive functions are foundational to spontaneous oral speech, reflecting the speaker's inner state and emotions without adhering to rigid written standards. For further reading on communicative functions, refer to Wikipedia Reference.
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