त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical landscape of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), Noam Chomsky's nativist theory and Stephen Krashen's monitor model occupy foundational yet contrasting positions regarding how humans acquire linguistic competence. Consider the following complex propositions evaluating their core paradigms:I. Chomsky's hypothesis of Universal Grammar (UG) posits that humans are biologically endowed with an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) containing universal structural principles, which explains rapid, uniform language acquisition across children regardless of impoverished primary linguistic input.II. Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis asserts that 'acquisition' is a subconscious process resulting from natural communication (similar to how children pick up a first language), whereas 'learning' is a conscious process of studying formal grammar rules, and crucially, learned knowledge can seamlessly convert into acquired competence through intensive practice.III. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis (specifically the $i + 1$ formula), optimal language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current level of linguistic competence, utilizing contextual clues rather than grammatical sequencing.IV. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis claims that internal emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and lack of motivation can raise the affective filter, creating a mental block that prevents incoming comprehensible input from reaching the language acquisition device.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the linguistic and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, III, and IV are correct. Noam Chomsky's nativist perspective emphasizes the innate Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar to account for the poverty of the stimulus. Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model maintains a strict non-interface position, meaning conscious 'learning' can never turn into subconscious 'acquisition'; thus Proposition II is incorrect. Proposition III correctly defines comprehensible input ($i + 1$), and Proposition IV accurately identifies the affective filter's role in second language acquisition.
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I. The present perfect tense cannot co-occur with specific, completed past time adverbials that denote a precise, closed point in historical time (e.g., 'I have visited Rome in 2015' or 'She has graduated yesterday'), because the present perfect requires an open time frame that connects past action with present psychological relevance.
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