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English Language
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In advanced English morphosyntax and idiomatic variation, the behavior of multi-word verbs—specifically true phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, and phrasal-prepositional verbs—determines particle mobility, complement structure, and syntactic transformations. Consider the following four complex propositions regarding prepositions and phrasal verbs:I. In transitive separable phrasal verbs (e.g., *'bring up'*, *'switch off'*, *'fill out'°*), when the direct object is an unstressed personal pronoun, it must be positioned strictly between the lexical verb and the adverbial particle (e.g., *'switch it off'*), whereas nominal direct objects allow placement either between the verb and particle or following the particle.II. Prepositional verbs (e.g., *'approve of'*, *'deal with'*, *'stare at'*) consist of a lexical verb followed by a true preposition that forms a single inseparable semantic unit, making strings where the object intervenes between the verb and preposition entirely ungrammatical in standard English (e.g., *'She approved completely of the plan'* versus ungrammatical *'She approved the plan of'*).III. Three-part phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g., *'look down on'*, *'keep up with'*, *'face up to'*) require a mandatory nominal complement following the final prepositional particle, and when transformed into the passive voice, the entire multi-word unit functions syntactically to allow subject promotion of the prepositional complement (e.g., *'He was looked down on by his peers'*).IV. When a prepositional verb or phrasal-prepositional verb undergoes wh-interrogative fronting, relative clause formation, or clefting, standard English strictly forbids preposition stranding at the end of the clause in all registers, requiring the preposition to be fronted alongside its complement (e.g., *'To what are you referring?'* is the only permissible construction, while *'What are you referring to?'* is universally proscribed).Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical and syntactic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
To master multi-word verbs in English, one must distinguish between true adverbial particles in phrasal verbs and true prepositions in prepositional and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Proposition I is correct because personal pronouns must precede the particle in separable phrasal verbs (*switch it off*, not *switch off it*). Proposition II is correct because prepositional verbs bind the verb and preposition tightly, prohibiting the object from splitting them. Proposition III is correct because three-part verbs permit subject promotion in passive transformations (*He was looked down on*). Proposition IV is incorrect because preposition stranding (*'What are you referring to?'*) is not only permissible but extremely common and idiomatic in standard English, alongside formal pied-piping (Wikipedia Reference).
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