त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In a multilingual and diverse English language classroom, teachers frequently encounter various language difficulties, developmental errors, and interference phenomena. Consider the following propositions regarding the pedagogical diagnosis and categorization of these linguistic divergences:I. Interlingual errors are primarily caused by the negative transfer (or interference) of native language (L1) syntactic, phonological, or lexical structures onto the target language (L2), reflecting a difference between the linguistic systems of the two languages.II. Intralingual and developmental errors occur due to the natural overgeneralization, simplification, or incomplete mastery of target language rules (such as applying regular past-tense '-ed' to irregular verbs like 'goed'), which occur irrespective of the learner's native language background.III. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH), formulated by Robert Lado, asserts that all second language errors can be entirely predicted and explained solely through interlingual transfer, leaving no room for developmental or cognitive error sources.IV. Fossilization, a phenomenon identified by Larry Selinker in Interlanguage theory, refers to the permanent stabilization and entrenchment of incorrect linguistic forms in a learner's interlanguage system, which stubbornly resist conventional classroom remediation.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to modern applied linguistics and error analysis.
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Detailed Explanation
In applied linguistics and language pedagogy, error analysis distinguishes clearly between interlingual errors (caused by L1 interference) and intralingual/developmental errors (caused by overgeneralization of L2 rules). While Robert Lado's Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) initially claimed that L2 difficulties could be predicted by comparing L1 and L2 systems, strong versions of CAH proved inadequate because many errors are developmental (intralingual) rather than transfer-based. Fossilization describes the persistence of erroneous structures. For deeper insight into these linguistic processes, consult the Wikipedia Reference on error analysis.
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