त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical frameworks of second-language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's nativist hypothesis and Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model offer distinct explanations for how human beings internalize language. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding their respective theories:I. Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and the postulation of Universal Grammar (UG) posit that humans are biologically endowed with an innate, species-specific cognitive faculty containing abstract structural principles common to all human languages, which enables children to rapidly deduce grammatical rules despite impoverished environmental input (the poverty of the stimulus).II. Krashen's Input Hypothesis (specifically the $i+1$ formula) asserts that language acquisition is entirely driven by conscious memorization and explicit formal instruction in grammatical paradigms, wherein the learner must actively practice output before subconscious comprehension can occur.III. According to Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis, emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and strong defensiveness can raise a mental block that prevents comprehensible input from reaching the Language Acquisition Device, thereby impeding subconscious second-language acquisition.IV. Krashen draws a sharp theoretical distinction between 'acquisition' (a subconscious process identical to the way children pick up their first language) and 'learning' (a conscious process resulting from formal instruction about the rules of language), maintaining that acquired knowledge alone initiates fluent utterances whereas learned knowledge serves merely as a Monitor or editor.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the pedagogical and theoretical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to modern applied linguistics and second-language acquisition theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, III, and IV are correct. Noam Chomsky's nativist theory emphasizes the innate Universal Grammar and the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), addressing the poverty of the stimulus. Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, stating that acquisition is responsible for fluency, while learning acts as an editor. Furthermore, the Affective Filter Hypothesis highlights how psychological barriers like anxiety impede input processing. Proposition II is incorrect because Krashen explicitly argues that acquisition is subconscious and relies on comprehensible input ($i+1$), rejecting the notion that explicit conscious memorization drives primary acquisition.
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