त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, the conversion of active constructions into passive voice involves complex structural reconfigurations, case-marking adjustments, and thematic role mapping. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:I. When converting a ditransitive clause with two internal arguments (e.g., *'The board offered the candidate a lucrative contract'*), both the direct object and the indirect object can theoretically be promoted to the subject position in the passive voice, yielding two distinct grammatical variants (*'A lucrative contract was offered the candidate'* vs. *'The candidate was offered a lucrative contract'*, though the latter is stylistically more prevalent in standard registers).II. Intransitive verbs that completely lack a direct object—such as *'vanish'*, *'occur'*, or *'collapse'*—can regularly undergo passive transformation provided that an expletive dummy subject (*'it'* or *'there'*) is inserted into the matrix subject slot to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle.III. In sentences featuring a causative or perception matrix verb followed by a bare infinitive in the active voice (e.g., *'The supervisor made the technician inspect the turbine'*), the passive transformation requires the reinstatement of the to-infinitive marker, resulting in *'The technician was made to inspect the turbine by the supervisor'*.IV. Middle constructions (such as *'This fabric washes easily'* or *'The novel reads well'*) exhibit active morphological marking while possessing passive-like semantic valency, where the underlying patient is promoted to subject position and the agent is obligatorily suppressed, rendering the explicit inclusion of a 'by-agent' phrase ungrammatical.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and Passive voice theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Let us evaluate each proposition based on advanced English syntax and Passive voice theory:
- **Proposition I is valid:** Ditransitive verbs taking both a direct and an indirect object allow either object to become the subject of the passive clause (e.g., indirect object promotion yields *'The candidate was offered a lucrative contract'*, and direct object promotion yields *'A lucrative contract was offered the candidate'*).
- **Proposition II is invalid:** True intransitive verbs (unaccusatives or unergatives like *vanish*, *occur*, *collapse*) do not take a direct object and cannot be passivized, even with an expletive dummy subject. Insertion of dummy subjects in passive forms (*'It was vanished'*) violates core syntactic valency rules.
- **Proposition III is valid:** In active causative/perception constructions with bare infinitives (*'made the technician inspect'*), the bare infinitive surfaces as a to-infinitive (*'was made to inspect'*) upon passive conversion.
- **Proposition IV is valid:** Middle constructions (*'This fabric washes easily'*) feature active verb morphology with passive interpretation, promoting the patient to subject while completely prohibiting an explicit 'by-agent' phrase.
Therefore, Propositions I, III, and IV are valid, making option (b) the correct choice.
- **Proposition I is valid:** Ditransitive verbs taking both a direct and an indirect object allow either object to become the subject of the passive clause (e.g., indirect object promotion yields *'The candidate was offered a lucrative contract'*, and direct object promotion yields *'A lucrative contract was offered the candidate'*).
- **Proposition II is invalid:** True intransitive verbs (unaccusatives or unergatives like *vanish*, *occur*, *collapse*) do not take a direct object and cannot be passivized, even with an expletive dummy subject. Insertion of dummy subjects in passive forms (*'It was vanished'*) violates core syntactic valency rules.
- **Proposition III is valid:** In active causative/perception constructions with bare infinitives (*'made the technician inspect'*), the bare infinitive surfaces as a to-infinitive (*'was made to inspect'*) upon passive conversion.
- **Proposition IV is valid:** Middle constructions (*'This fabric washes easily'*) feature active verb morphology with passive interpretation, promoting the patient to subject while completely prohibiting an explicit 'by-agent' phrase.
Therefore, Propositions I, III, and IV are valid, making option (b) the correct choice.
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