त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the advanced theoretical landscape of second language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's Nativist theory and Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model offer distinct yet profoundly influential paradigms regarding how human beings acquire language. Consider the following four advanced propositions evaluating their foundational tenets: I. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar (UG) posits that humans are biologically endowed with an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) containing universal structural principles and parameters, which are triggered by primary linguistic data and account for the rapid, uniform 'poverty of the stimulus' mastery observed in children. II. Krashen’s Input Hypothesis asserts that language acquisition occurs subconsciously when learners comprehend messages in the target language presented at an optimal level slightly beyond their current competence, denoted as $i+1$, operating independently of conscious grammatical learning. III. Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and unmotivated psychological states can raise the affective filter, forming a mental block that completely prevents comprehensible input from reaching the language acquisition device. IV. Chomsky and Krashen entirely agree that explicit, formal classroom instruction in conscious grammar rules can directly drive primary language acquisition and convert learned linguistic competence into subconscious acquired competence through repeated mechanical drilling. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the theoretical, psycholinguistic, and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to modern second language acquisition theory and Language acquisition principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, II, and III are correct. Chomsky's Universal Grammar and LAD explain first language acquisition under the 'poverty of the stimulus' argument. Krashen’s Monitor Model includes the Input Hypothesis ($i+1$) and the Affective Filter Hypothesis, which highlights how emotional barriers impede subconscious acquisition. Proposition IV is incorrect because Krashen's Non-Interface Hypothesis explicitly asserts that conscious learning ('learning') and subconscious acquisition are distinct systems, and learned rules can only serve as a 'monitor' or editor, never converting directly into acquired competence. To explore these theoretical frameworks further, consult Language acquisition.
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निम्नलिखित वाक्य में प्रयुक्त 'Active Voice' को 'Passive Voice' में बदलने पर सबसे सही विकल्प कौन सा होगा?
वाक्य: "The committee is discussing the crucial matter right now."
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