त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English morphosyntax and voice diathesis, converting active constructions into passive ones involves complex interactions between argument structure, thematic roles (theta-roles), ditransitive valency, and modal auxiliaries. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When a ditransitive verb taking both a direct and an indirect object (e.g., 'The committee awarded the scholar a prestigious fellowship') is passivized, standard English grammar permits either internal argument to be promoted to subject position, yielding two structurally valid passive counterparts: either the indirect object becomes the subject ('The scholar was awarded a prestigious fellowship by the committee') or the direct object becomes the subject ('A prestigious fellowship was awarded to the scholar by the committee'). II. When an active clause features a complex transitive structure with an object complement (e.g., 'The board elected Dr. Henderson chairperson'), the object complement automatically converts into a subject complement in the passive voice, maintaining its predicative relationship with the newly promoted subject ('Dr. Henderson was elected chairperson by the board'). III. Intransitive verbs that express physical motion or state of being and inherently lack a patient or theme argument (such as 'arrive', 'occur', 'vanish', or 'die') can readily undergo passive transformation in standard English provided they are accompanied by a temporal or locative adjunct. IV. When an active sentence contains a modal auxiliary expressing obligation or necessity followed by a bare infinitive and a direct object (e.g., 'We must submit the thesis by Friday'), the passive transformation requires the insertion of the modal, the invariant auxiliary 'be', and the past participle of the lexical verb, yielding: 'The thesis must be submitted by Friday.' Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
To determine the correct evaluation of the four propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:
- **Proposition I is correct:** Ditransitive verbs (such as *give*, *award*, *send*) take two objects (indirect and direct). In English syntax, both objects can typically be promoted to subject position in the passive voice, though promoting the indirect (animate) object is more common. When the direct object becomes the subject, a preposition (*to* or *for*) is retained before the displaced indirect object.
- **Proposition II is correct:** In complex transitive clauses containing an object complement (e.g., *appoint*, *elect*, *make*), the direct object becomes the subject of the passive clause, and the object complement shifts to become a subject complement following the passive verb.
- **Proposition III is incorrect:** Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object (patient/theme). Because passivization fundamentally requires the promotion of an object to subject position, true intransitive verbs (like *arrive*, *vanish*, *die*) cannot be passivized, regardless of whether locative or temporal adjuncts are present.
- **Proposition IV is correct:** Modal auxiliaries of necessity (*must*, *should*, *ought to*) retain their modal force in passive conversion, followed by 'be' and the past participle of the main verb (*must be submitted*).
Learn more about syntactic voice transformations in the English passive voice Wikipedia article.
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