त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English morphosyntax and voice diathesis, converting complex active constructions containing ditransitive verbs, causative bare infinitives, prepositional verbs, and reflexive objects into the passive voice requires precise adherence to argument structure and syntactic constraints. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When an active clause features a causative or perception verb followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., 'The director made the actor rehearse the monologue' or 'The critic watched the playwright revise the script'), the bare infinitive in the active voice must obligatorily convert into a *to-infinitive* in the passive counterpart (yielding 'The actor was made to rehearse the monologue by the director' and 'The playwright was watched to revise the script by the critic'). II. When an active sentence contains a ditransitive verb taking both a direct and an indirect object (e.g., 'The committee awarded the researcher a prestigious fellowship'), standard English morphosyntax permits either internal argument to be promoted to subject position in the passive voice, though promoting the animate indirect object is generally preferred in discourse-neutral contexts (*'The researcher was awarded a prestigious fellowship'* vs. *'A prestigious fellowship was awarded to the researcher'*). III. When an active sentence features a phrasal verb with an inseparable prepositional particle (e.g., 'The board looked into the financial discrepancies'), the prepositional particle must be detached from the verbal root and placed at the very end of the passive clause, separated entirely from the lexical verb (e.g., 'The financial discrepancies were looked by the board into'). IV. When an active sentence contains a transitive verb whose reflexive object refers to the exact same entity as the grammatical subject (e.g., 'The CEO distinguished himself during the crisis'), the sentence can readily undergo standard direct passive transformation in English (yielding *'Himself was distinguished by the CEO'* or *'He was distinguished himself'*). Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Let us analyze each of the four propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:
I. Valid: In English, causative verbs ('make') and perception verbs ('see', 'hear', 'watch', 'feel') take a bare infinitive in the active voice (e.g., *'The director made the actor rehearse'*). However, during passive transformation, the covert infinitival marker must surface, converting the bare infinitive into a *to-infinitive* (*'The actor was made to rehearse'*). Note that while 'watch' in certain contexts can also accept a present participle (*'was watched rehearsing'*), the shift to a *to-infinitive* for causative 'make' is strictly obligatory.
II. Valid: Ditransitive verbs taking two objects allow both the indirect object (animate recipient) and the direct object (theme) to become the subject of the passive clause, although promoting the indirect object is stylistically preferred in standard discourse.
III. Invalid: When converting an active sentence containing a phrasal or prepositional verb (e.g., *'look into'*, *'deal with'*, *'speak to'*), the prepositional particle remains inextricably bound to the lexical verb and is retained immediately after the verb in the passive construction (e.g., *'The financial discrepancies were looked into by the board'*), rather than being ungrammatically split to the end.
IV. Invalid: Transitive clauses with coreferential reflexive objects (e.g., *'He distinguished himself'*) generally cannot undergo passive transformation in English because passivization requires distinct arguments for the subject (agent/experiencer) and the underlying direct object (patient/theme).
Therefore, propositions I and II are valid, making English passive voice rules correctly applied in Option A.
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