त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, converting complex active sentences into the passive voice requires intricate morphosyntactic adjustments, especially when dealing with ditransitive verbs, causative constructions, phrasal verbs, and modal auxiliaries. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When converting a ditransitive sentence featuring two distinct objects (direct and indirect) into the passive voice, either object can theoretically be promoted to the subject position; however, promoting the indirect object (recipient) as the subject is generally preferred when the communicative focus highlights the person rather than the thing, resulting in a construction like 'She was given a prestigious award by the committee'. II. In causative structures involving perception or epistemic verbs followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., 'The supervisor made the analyst rewrite the entire financial report'), the active bare infinitive obligatorily transforms into a *to*-infinitive in the passive voice ('The analyst was made to rewrite the entire financial report by the supervisor'), restoring the infinitival marker that was suppressed under active government. III. When an active sentence contains a phrasal or prepositional verb with an inseparable particle or preposition (e.g., 'The board of directors laughed down the controversial proposal'), the preposition or particle must be omitted entirely during passive conversion to prevent structural clutter ('The controversial proposal was laughed by the board of directors'). IV. Sentences containing intransitive verbs or stative verbs that denote state of being, possession, or containment (such as 'have', 'belong', 'resemble', or 'cost') can be freely converted into the passive voice without restriction in formal academic writing, provided the agent is overtly specified at the terminal position. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
To determine the correct evaluation, let us analyze each proposition:
* **Proposition I is CORRECT**: Ditransitive verbs (verbs taking two objects, such as *give*, *send*, *offer*) can form two passive structures. Promoting the indirect object (recipient) to subject position is indeed the more natural and frequent choice in English discourse because it aligns with given-new information structuring and thematic prominence.
* **Proposition II is CORRECT**: In active causative constructions using verbs like *make*, *feel*, *hear*, or *see* with a bare infinitive, the infinitival marker *to* is elided. When converted to passive voice, the *to*-infinitive must be explicitly restored (e.g., *'The analyst was made to rewrite...'*), which is a fundamental rule of English complementation.
* **Proposition III is INCORRECT**: In phrasal and prepositional verb passivization, the particle or preposition is an integral part of the lexical unit and *must* be retained adjacent to the verb (e.g., *'The controversial proposal was laughed down by the board of directors'*). Omitting the particle renders the sentence ungrammatical or alters its meaning entirely.
* **Proposition IV is INCORRECT**: Intransitive verbs lack a direct object and therefore cannot undergo passivization because passive voice requires the promotion of an object to subject. Furthermore, stative verbs expressing possession (*have*), resemblance (*resemble*), or belonging (*belong*) generally resist passive transformation in standard English.
Thus, propositions I and II are correct, making Option A the right choice. For further reading, consult the Wikipedia entry on English passive voice.
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