त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, converting complex active sentences into the passive voice requires intricate morphosyntactic adjustments, especially when handling complex clause embeddings, complementizer deletions, and impersonal constructions. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When converting an active sentence featuring a declarative complement clause functioning as a direct object (e.g., 'The investigative committee established that the corporation falsified financial records') into the passive voice using a dummy subject, the embedded clause is typically extraposed, yielding the standard impersonal passive construction: 'It was established by the investigative committee that the corporation falsified financial records.' II. In active sentences containing a complex ditransitive verb where the direct object is an infinitival clause or a nominalized gerundial phrase with its own internal argument structure, promoting the internal direct object to the subject position in the passive voice is strictly prohibited by syntactic valency rules, regardless of pragmatic focus or information packaging. III. When converting an active sentence involving a transitive phrasal verb whose particle is separable (e.g., 'The board of directors called off the controversial merger negotiations'), the particle must either immediately follow the lexical verb or be stranded at the terminal boundary of the derived passive clause ('The controversial merger negotiations were called off by the board of directors'), maintaining strict adherence to syntactic cohesion. IV. Sentences containing true intransitive verbs of motion or posture that lack a direct object (such as 'arrive', 'sleep', or 'swim') can be freely converted into the passive voice in standard English provided an adjunct prepositional phrase denoting location or time is present in the active matrix clause. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is correct because complement clause extraposition with a dummy 'it' subject is a standard passive transformation for reporting verbs. Proposition II is correct because internal arguments of embedded non-finite structures cannot violate basic valency promotion constraints. Proposition III is correct because separable phrasal verb particles strand correctly at the end of the passive clause. Proposition IV is incorrect because true intransitive verbs (like 'arrive' or 'sleep') cannot take a direct object and thus lack the necessary object-to-subject valency shift required for passivization, even when locative or temporal adjuncts are present. For a comprehensive overview of these syntactic transformations, refer to English passive voice.
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