Under Child Development and Pedagogy, consider the following statements regarding Lawrence Kohlberg's 'Theory of Moral Development':
- 1. The final stage of the 'Post-Conventional Level' in Kohlberg's theory is based on an individual's personal moral principles and a conscience of universal justice that may transcend established laws of society (e.g., the perspective of Mahatma Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr.).
- 2. Criticizing this theory, renowned psychologist Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's model is primarily based on the moral development of men and neglects the 'Morality of Care' found in women.
- 3. According to Kohlberg, all stages of moral development are universal and mutable, and can be easily altered or reversed through the influence of culture and environment.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
Detailed Explanation
Statement 1 is correct because the sixth and final stage of the 'Post-Conventional Level' in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development relates to the 'Universal Ethical Principle Orientation', where an individual transcends social laws and makes decisions based on their conscience and universal principles of human rights. Statement 2 is correct because Carol Gilligan (who was a student of Kohlberg) criticized his theory by stating that his research sample included only males, making the model focus more on justice and less on the morality of care and relationships. Statement 3 is incorrect because, according to Kohlberg, the stages of moral development are universal and follow an invariant sequence; they are not mutable or reversible.