Educational Philosophy & Thinkers
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With reference to the social and religious reform movements and their founders in 19th-century India, consider the following statements:
- 1. 'Atmiya Sabha' (1815) and later 'Brahmo Samaj' (1828) established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy strongly opposed evil practices like idol worship, polytheism, priestcraft, and Sati system, and supported monotheism and rational Vedantic philosophy.
- 2. 'Arya Samaj' established by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in the year 1875 gave the slogan 'Back to the Vedas' and considered the Vedas as infallible and a source of destroying ignorance, but he supported idol worship and the birth-based caste system.
- 3. The main objective of 'Satyashodhak Samaj' established by Jyotirao Phule in the year 1873 was to liberate Shudras and Ati-Shudras (lower castes) from Brahmanical dominance and religious hypocrisy and to socially empower them through education.
- 4. Due to the relentless efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the 'Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (Act XV of 1856)' was passed by the British government in the year 1856, which legally recognized the remarriage of widows.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely true?
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Detailed Explanation
Statement 1 is true because Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Atmiya Sabha in 1815 and Brahmo Samaj in 1828, opposing orthodoxies and evil practices. Statement 2 is false because Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj strongly opposed idol worship, avatarhood, and the birth-based caste system, not supported them. Statement 3 is true, Jyotirao Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873. Statement 4 is true, the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 was passed through Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's efforts.
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