Educational Philosophy & Thinkers
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With reference to the sources of ancient Indian history, literary works, and the administrative and religious developments of various dynasties, consider the following statements:
- 1. In the Maurya period, Kautilya's 'Arthashastra' elaborates on the 'Saptanga Theory' of the state (Swami, Amatya, Janapada, Durga, Kosha, Sena, and Mitra), and prescribes 'Upadha Pariksha' (character test) before the appointment of council of ministers members.
- 2. In the Gupta period, the Sanskrit drama 'Mrichchhakatika' (The Little Clay Cart) written by Shudraka, instead of depicting the lives of kings and palaces, presents a vivid and realistic portrayal of contemporary urban society, judicial system, and corruption through the love affair of a poor Brahmin Charudatta and a courtesan Vasantasena.
- 3. Under Sangam literature (which is a major source of ancient South Indian history), a total of three Sangams were organized under the patronage of Pandya kings in Madurai and Kapatapuram, and 'Tolkappiyam' is an ancient text of Tamil grammar authored by Tolkappiyar.
- 4. Nalanda University was at its peak during the reign of Harsha, and the Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang stayed here to study Buddhist philosophy, providing an extensive description of the social, economic, and religious condition of Harsha's time in his travelogue 'Si-Yu-Ki'.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely true?
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Detailed Explanation
All four statements given are completely true. The Mauryan 'Arthashastra' mentions the Saptanga theory and Upadha test; Shudraka's 'Mrichchhakatika' is a realistic drama; Sangam literature and Tolkappiyam are extremely important for South Indian history; and Hiuen Tsang's account 'Si-Yu-Ki' provides a detailed description of Nalanda and society during Harsha's era.
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