Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the true psychological implications of 'Shaping'—a central concept under B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory defined as the technique of successive approximations through which a desired complex terminal behavior is established by providing reinforcement in small, sequential steps—in relation to the development of complex skills, positive behavior modification, and scientific management of disciplined learning among students in classroom instruction?
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बी. एफ. स्किनर के क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंध (Operant Conditioning) सिद्धांत में 'शेपिंग' (Shaping) या 'रूप देना' एक ऐसी विधि है जिसमें अंतिम वांछित व्यवहार के करीब पहुँचने वाले छोटे-छोटे क्रमिक चरणों (Successive Approximations) को सुदृढ़ (Reinforce) किया जाता है। कक्षा-कक्षीय शिक्षण में, जब बच्चों को कोई जटिल कौशल या नया व्यवहार सिखाना होता है, तो शिक्षक एक बार में संपूर्ण कार्य की अपेक्षा क्रमिक सफलता पर पुनर्बलन देते हुए उनके व्यवहार को सही दिशा में ढालते हैं। अतः विकल्प (b) इस अवधारणा के वास्तविक मनोवैज्ञानिक और शैक्षणिक निहितार्थ को सबसे अधिक प्रामाणिक रूप से व्यक्त करता है।
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