Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Under B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, 'Shaping' is defined as the technique of successive approximations where, instead of expecting a complex, novel, or desired behavior all at once, small gradual steps moving toward the target behavior are continuously reinforced. Regarding the psychological implications of shaping for acquiring complex skills, positive behavior modification, and achieving instructional objectives in the classroom, which of the following statements is most scientifically valid?
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Detailed Explanation
Understanding Shaping in Operant Conditioning
Under B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, Shaping is a central concept based on the technique of Successive Approximations.
When a complex behavior cannot be learned all at once, the instructor identifies small steps moving toward the final goal and provides reinforcement for every correct approximation, eventually establishing the complex desired behavior.
- Option A is incorrect because shaping is used for complex behaviors, not just innate reflexes.
- Option B is correct as it accurately defines shaping via successive approximations and reinforcement.
- Option C is incorrect because shaping relies primarily on positive reinforcement, not punishment.
- Option D is incorrect because behavioral shaping principles have broad applications in shaping behavior alongside cognitive dimensions.
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