Maslow, Rogers & Humanism
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Under Abraham Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs', if an individual is struggling at the level of 'Belongingness and Love Needs' and 'Esteem Needs' after fulfilling physiological and safety needs, what is the fundamental theoretical difference between the nature of these two levels (love and esteem) and 'Self-actualization' according to Maslow's motivation model?
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Detailed Explanation
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, lower-level needs such as physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem are called 'Deficiency Needs' (D-Needs) because their non-fulfillment causes stress or a sense of lack, and their satisfaction often depends on external factors. In contrast, 'Self-actualization' at the top of the hierarchy is considered a 'Growth Need' (B-Needs), which is driven by an individual's internal capacities and desire for development rather than external deprivation.
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