Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
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With reference to the 'Multi-Factor and Three-Dimensional Theories of Intelligence', which of the following statements is most appropriate and true regarding the philosophical and psychological differences between E.L. Thorndike's 'Multi-Factor Theory' and Howard Gardner's 'Theory of Multiple Intelligences'?
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Detailed Explanation
E.L. Thorndike proposed through his Multi-Factor Theory (also known as the Atomistic Theory or Sand Theory) that intelligence is the sum of many independent mental elements or abilities.
On the other hand, Howard Gardner in 1983 proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, demonstrating that intelligence is not a single general entity, but rather a set of relatively autonomous and distinct modalities or capacities (such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence).
Key Distinctions:
- Thorndike: Focuses on the association of distinct elements and specific stimulus-response bonds.
- Gardner: Emphasizes autonomous cognitive domains backed by neuropsychological evidence.
Therefore, option (b) most accurately explains the scientific and philosophical nature of both theories.
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