Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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In the context of 'Domains of Learning and Operant Conditioning', regarding the scientific nature of the concepts of 'Positive Reinforcement', 'Negative Reinforcement', 'Punishment', and 'Extinction' under the 'Operant Conditioning Theory' propounded by psychologist B.F. Skinner, and the mutual interrelationships of the 'Probability Model' (Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps) under the 'Sign Learning Theory' propounded by Edward Tolman, which of the following statements is most appropriate and true?
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Detailed Explanation
Explanation
According to B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning, behavior is directed by its consequences. Positive reinforcement increases the probability of a response by adding a favorable stimulus, while negative reinforcement increases the probability of a response by removing an unpleasant or painful stimulus (meaning in both cases, the rate of desired behavior increases). Conversely, punishment decreases the probability of a response.
On the other hand, Edward Tolman propounded the Sign Learning Theory (or Purposive Behaviorism). His famous experiments with rats and mazes proved that organisms acquire knowledge about the environment even without a reward, which is called Latent Learning. They construct Cognitive Maps in their minds, which are exhibited in external behavior when reinforcement is provided.
Therefore, option (b) completely and correctly explains the scientific and mutual interrelationships of both theories.
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