Moral & Character Development
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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the true psychological characteristic of the highest level of 'Post-Conventional Morality'—namely 'Universal Ethical Principle Orientation'—propounded under Lawrence Kohlberg's 'Theory of Moral Development', and its philosophical distinction from 'Social Contract Orientation'?
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Detailed Explanation
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the sixth and final stage under 'Post-Conventional Morality' is 'Universal Ethical Principle Orientation'. At this level, individuals make decisions based on abstract and universal ethical principles (such as justice, equality, and human rights). These principles are not bound by any written law or social contract; rather, if a social law or rule goes against human dignity and justice, the individual has the courage to violate that law based on their conscience. Therefore, option (b) is the most authentic and scientifically valid statement.
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