Educational Institutions (NCERT, NCTE, SCERT, DIET)
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Under Edwin Guthrie's Contiguity Theory of Learning, which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the concept of 'One-Trial Learning' and the methods related to breaking habits such as the 'Fatigue Method', 'Threshold Method', and 'Incompatible Stimuli Method', along with their practical applications in classroom teaching?
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Detailed Explanation
Edwin Guthrie's theory of learning is known as the Contiguity Theory, which posits that the association between a stimulus and a response is fully formed on the very first occasion they occur together, a concept termed One-Trial Learning.
Guthrie did not consider practice or reinforcement as essential for learning; rather, he believed learning depends on the temporal contiguity of stimulus and response. To break habits, he proposed three primary methods:
- Fatigue Method: The undesired habit is repeated over and over until the organism is fatigued and can no longer produce the response to the stimulus.
- Threshold Method: The stimulus is presented at such a weak intensity below the threshold that the undesired response is not elicited, gradually increasing the intensity over time.
- Incompatible Stimuli Method: The stimulus is presented in a context where the undesired response is physically impossible to occur, prompting an alternative response.
Therefore, option (b) accurately describes the scientific and psychological nature of Guthrie's theory.
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