Jerome Bruner
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According to Jerome Bruner's Cognitive Theory of Learning, specifically regarding 'Discovery Learning' and the three modes of representation—Enactive, Iconic, and Symbolic—which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding students' active knowledge construction, structural thinking, and intellectual maturity in classroom instruction?
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जेरोम ब्रूनर के संज्ञानात्मक विकास और अन्वेषण अधिगम (Discovery Learning) के सिद्धांत के अनुसार, बच्चे सूचनाओं के निष्क्रिय प्राप्तकर्ता नहीं हैं, बल्कि सक्रिय अन्वेषक हैं। ब्रूनर ने ज्ञान के प्रतिनिधित्व के तीन चरण बताए हैं: 1. क्रियात्मक (Enactive - करके सीखना, लगभग 0-1 वर्ष), 2. दृश्य-प्रतिमात्मक (Iconic - चित्रों और मानसिक प्रतिमाओं द्वारा, लगभग 1-6 वर्ष), और 3. प्रतीकात्मक (Symbolic - भाषा और अमूर्त प्रतीकों द्वारा, 7 वर्ष से आगे)। विकल्प (b) इस सिद्धांत के वैज्ञानिक और मनोवैज्ञानिक निहितार्थों की सबसे सटीक व्याख्या करता है, जबकि अन्य विकल्प तथ्यात्मक रूप से गलत हैं।
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