त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, voice conversion between active and passive structures involves intricate constraints governing valency, transitivity, object complementation, and mood. Consider the following four advanced propositions: I. When an active sentence contains a complex object-complement structure (e.g., 'The board of directors elected her chairperson'), the passive transformation requires the objective complement to convert into a subject complement following the copular verb (e.g., 'She was elected chairperson by the board of directors'), preserving the predicative nexus. II. In ditransitive constructions involving verbs with two object complements (e.g., 'give', 'offer', 'assign'), both the direct object and the indirect object can independently be promoted to subject position in the passive voice, though promoting the animate indirect object is pragmatically more natural in standard English discourse (e.g., 'The scholar was awarded a prestigious research fellowship' versus 'A prestigious research fellowship was awarded to the scholar'). III. Active sentences employing the imperative mood with a first-person plural hortative or exhortative force (e.g., 'Let us resolve this complex syntactic issue immediately') undergo passive conversion by retaining the modal auxiliary 'let' followed by the passive infinitive, resulting in the standard transformation 'Let this complex syntactic issue be resolved immediately by us'. IV. In sentences governed by verbs of cognition, perception, or communicative utterance taking a bare infinitive in the active voice (e.g., 'Witnesses saw the suspect enter the restricted archive building'), the bare infinitive obligatorily shifts to a *to*-infinitive when converted into the passive voice (e.g., 'The suspect was seen to enter the restricted archive building by witnesses'). Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English syntax and Passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
All four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion are grammatically and syntactically valid according to standard English usage. Proposition I correctly demonstrates that an object complement ('chairperson') in an active clause becomes a subject complement in the passive counterpart ('She was elected chairperson'). Proposition II accurately reflects that ditransitive verbs permit two distinct passive forms, with indirect object promotion being stylistically preferred for animacy. Proposition III correctly illustrates that hortative imperative sentences beginning with 'Let us' transform into 'Let [object] be [past participle]'. Proposition IV correctly accounts for the syntactic rule whereby verbs of perception or causation taking a bare infinitive in active voice ('saw him enter') require the insertion of the particle 'to' in the passive voice ('was seen to enter'). For a comprehensive overview of these syntactic mechanisms, consult the literature on Passive voice.
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