त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English morphosyntax and voice diathesis, converting active constructions into passive ones involves complex interactions between argument structure, thematic roles, and clause embedding. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When a clause features a perception verb or causative verb (such as 'make', 'see', 'hear', or 'feel') taking a bare infinitive complement in the active voice (e.g., 'The supervisor made the technician rewrite the entire code'), the passive transformation obligatorily restores the 'to-infinitive' marker in surface syntax, yielding: 'The technician was made to rewrite the entire code by the supervisor.' II. When an active sentence contains a phrasal verb with an inseparable prepositional particle (e.g., 'The committee looked into the financial irregularities'), the particle must be detached from the verb root and placed at the very end of the passive clause, separated entirely from the lexical verb (e.g., 'The financial irregularities were looked by the committee into'). III. When a sentence is constructed with an impersonal 'it' anticipating a clausal complement in active causative structures (e.g., 'People believe that the economy is recovering'), the passive transformation can be realized either through a subject-raising construction ('The economy is believed to be recovering') or an impersonal passive construction ('It is believed that the economy is recovering'). IV. Intransitive verbs of motion or posture that take locative or directional adjuncts (such as 'walk', 'sleep', or 'sit') can freely undergo direct passive conversion in standard English because the adjunct automatically assumes the semantic theta-role of a direct patient object. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is valid because verbs like 'make', 'help', and perception verbs that take a bare infinitive in the active voice require the 'to' (to-infinitive) to reappear when passivized ('was made to rewrite'). Proposition II is invalid because the particle of a phrasal verb (e.g., 'looked into') remains attached to the verb in the passive voice ('The financial irregularities were looked into by the committee'); separating the particle alters or ungrammatically disrupts the lexical unit. Proposition III is valid because sentences with reporting or belief verbs taking clausal complements can be passivized either via subject-raising (personal passive) or dummy 'it' (impersonal passive). Proposition IV is invalid because intransitive verbs lack a direct object (patient/theme argument) and cannot be passivized simply by the presence of a locative adjunct. For detailed rules on diathesis and voice alternation, consult English passive voice.
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