Education Commissions, Committees & Policies
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With reference to the development of modern education and historical acts in India, consider the following statements:
- 1. Wood's Despatch (1854), often called the 'Magna Carta of English Education in India', recognized the government's duty for mass education, emphasized women's education and vocational training, and laid the foundation for establishing universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
- 2. Lord Macaulay's Minute (1835) strongly advocated for the English education system, aiming through the 'Downward Filtration Theory' to educate the upper strata of society to create individuals 'Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect'.
- 3. The Hunter Education Commission (1882) was appointed to review the progress of primary and secondary education, and recommended handing over the control of primary education to newly formed district and municipal boards.
- 4. The Sadler University Commission (1917-19), while studying the problems of Calcutta University, emphasized making school education 12 years, separating intermediate classes, and ensuring academic autonomy in universities.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are completely correct?
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Detailed Explanation
All four given statements are completely correct. The history of modern educational development in India is closely linked with various colonial-era commissions and acts:
- Wood's Despatch (1854): Paved the way for mass education propagation, female education, and university establishment.
- Macaulay's Minute (1835): Mandated English as the medium of instruction and supported the Downward Filtration Theory.
- Hunter Commission (1882): Advocated for the decentralization and local board management of primary education.
- Sadler Commission (1917-19): Recommended structural reforms in secondary education, introducing the conceptual framework of the 12-year schooling system.
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