Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Upon a micro-psychological analysis of Thorndike's 'Law of Effect' in Connectionism, Ivan Pavlov's 'Higher-Order Conditioning' in Classical Conditioning, and B.F. Skinner's 'Shaping' in Operant Conditioning, which of the following statements most authentically explains the essential and functional differences among these three?
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Detailed Explanation
Thorndike's 'Law of Effect' states that actions resulting in satisfying outcomes strengthen the stimulus-response (S-R) bond. In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning, 'higher-order conditioning' occurs when a new neutral stimulus is paired with an already established conditioned stimulus. Meanwhile, in B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning, 'shaping' is a method where complex new behaviors are gradually trained using the principle of successive approximation.
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