Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Considering the comparative and analytical study of Edward Thorndike's 'Law of Effect', Ivan Pavlov's 'Classical Conditioning', and B.F. Skinner's 'Operant Conditioning' within educational psychology: If a learner repeatedly completes homework on time after receiving praise (reinforcement) from the teacher in class, and in Pavlov's experiment, salivation is observed in response to the bell's sound, identify the subtle and fundamental technical difference between these two learning systems (Classical vs. Operant Conditioning) that clarifies the control of Stimulus and Response.
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Detailed Explanation
Detailed Explanation
In Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (e.g., bell) precedes the unconditioned stimulus, and the organism's response (e.g., salivation) is involuntary and reflexive.
In contrast, within B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning, the organism operates freely within the environment to emit a response, following which it receives reinforcement. Thorndike's Law of Effect serves as the foundation for this concept, where satisfying outcomes strengthen the response.
- Classical Conditioning: Stimulus precedes Response (S-R); Involuntary.
- Operant Conditioning: Response precedes Reinforcement (R-S); Voluntary/Active.
Correct Option: (b)
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