In the context of the Theory of Moral Development, which of the following is the most distinctive and fundamental characteristic of the second stage under the 'Post-Conventional Morality' level, known as 'Universal Ethical Principle Orientation (Stage 6)', proposed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg?

Detailed Explanation

Explanation of Kohlberg's Stage 6

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the sixth and final stage of the Post-Conventional Level is called Universal Ethical Principle Orientation.

Core Feature: At this stage, individuals rise above external social rules or laws, making decisions based on their own conscience and universal principles of justice (such as human rights, equality, and respect).
Action against unjust laws: If a legal rule violates a justifiable human right, a person at this stage has the moral courage to disobey that law.

Analysis of Options

Option (a): Relates to the 'Good Boy/Good Girl' orientation (Stage 3).
Option (c): Relates to the first stage (Punishment and Obedience Orientation).
Option (d): Relates to the fourth stage (Social Order Maintaining Orientation).

Therefore, Option (b) is the correct answer.

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