Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Regarding the psychological implications of 'Frames' structure and 'Immediate Reinforcement' under 'Linear and Branching Programmed Instruction' used in the theory of 'Operant Conditioning' or 'Programmed Learning' propounded by B.F. Skinner and Norman Munn (Crowder), which of the following statements is most authentic and scientifically valid?
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Detailed Explanation
The theory of Programmed Learning is primarily associated with B.F. Skinner (Linear Programming) and Norman A. Crowder (Branching Programming / Intrinsic Programming).
Key Concepts:
- Branching Programmed Instruction: Developed by Norman Crowder, it specifically acknowledges individual differences. If a student answers a multiple-choice question incorrectly, they are directed to a remedial frame or alternative path to immediately diagnose and correct their specific error.
- Linear Programming: In contrast, all students progress through the exact same linear sequence of frames.
Therefore, option (b) is the most authentic and scientifically valid statement.
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