Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the real psychological implications of 'Schedules of Reinforcement' (such as continuous reinforcement, fixed interval, variable ratio, etc.) and the technique of 'Shaping' propounded under B. F. Skinner's 'Operant Conditioning Theory' in relation to the scientific management of strengthening desired student behavior, controlling extinction, and the gradual acquisition of complex skills in classroom teaching?
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Detailed Explanation
According to B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, continuous reinforcement is most effective initially when teaching a new behavior. However, once established, the variable-ratio schedule proves most powerful and resistant to extinction due to the unpredictability of reinforcement.
Key Points:
- Continuous Reinforcement: Best for initial learning, but highly prone to extinction.
- Variable-Ratio: Highly resistant to extinction (e.g., gambling, slot machines).
- Shaping: Involves rewarding successive approximations, not punishment.
- Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment: Negative reinforcement increases response probability, whereas punishment decreases it.
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