Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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Which of the following psychological statements is most authentic and scientifically valid regarding the real psychological implications of 'Positive Reinforcement', 'Negative Reinforcement', 'Primary and Secondary Reinforcers', and 'Schedules of Reinforcement' (such as fixed interval, variable ratio, etc.) proposed under B. F. Skinner's 'Operant Conditioning Theory' in relation to shaping desired behaviors and developing continuity of learning in classroom teaching?
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Detailed Explanation
Detailed Explanation
According to B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, schedules of reinforcement play a crucial role in determining the speed and durability of learning.
- Option (b) is correct: A Variable Ratio Schedule (where reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses) yields a high, steady rate of response and is remarkably resistant to extinction, mirroring the persistence seen with slot machines. This makes it extremely useful for maintaining consistent desired student behaviors in a classroom setting.
- Option (a) is incorrect: Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a desired behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, whereas punishment aims to decrease or suppress a behavior. They are fundamentally different psychological mechanisms.
- Option (c) is incorrect: In educational settings, secondary reinforcers (such as praise, grades, and tokens) are far more practical and effective than primary reinforcers.
- Option (d) is incorrect: Shaping is extensively and successfully applied in human education to guide complex behaviors and academic skill development through successive approximations.
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