Thorndike: Trial and Error
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Within the context of 'Child Development and Pedagogy' and 'Theories of Learning', which of the following statements is most appropriate and true regarding the psychological, educational, and practical applications of the three primary laws of learning—namely the 'Law of Readiness', 'Law of Use and Disuse', and 'Law of Effect'—formulated by Edward Thorndike along with the five secondary laws propounded by him?
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Detailed Explanation
Edward L. Thorndike is considered the father of educational psychology. He propounded the 'Connectionism' or 'Trial and Error Theory' of learning. Under this theory, he gave three primary laws of learning: (1) Law of Readiness, (2) Law of Use and Disuse, and (3) Law of Effect. Additionally, he formulated five secondary laws, including the Law of Multi-Response, Law of Fractional Activity, Law of Set or Attitude, Law of Analogy, and Law of Associative Shifting. All the statements given in options (a), (b), and (c) accurately describe the scientific, psychological, and practical characteristics of Thorndike's laws. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
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